SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Hyperpigmentation</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyperpigmentation</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Hyperpigmentation</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Cause_(medicine)" title="Cause (medicine)">Causes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Melanogenesis</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<p><b>Hyperpigmentation</b> is the darkening of an area of <a href="Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> or <a href="Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">nails</a> caused by increased <a href="Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a> production as a result of sun damage, inflammation or skin injuries.

Hyperpigmentation is associated with a significant number of conditions and is more common in people with darker skin tones.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div>

<p>Hyperpigmentation can be caused by sun damage, <a href="Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>, or other skin injuries, including those related to <a href="Acne_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne vulgaris">acne vulgaris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bolognia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolognia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andrews_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 854">: 854 </span></sup> People with darker skin tones are more prone to hyperpigmentation, especially with excess sun exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandra2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Many forms of hyperpigmentation are caused by an excess production of melanin.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandra2012_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyperpigmentation can be diffuse or focal, affecting such areas as the face and the back of the hands. Melanin is produced by <a href="Melanocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanocytes">melanocytes</a> at the lower layer of the <a href="Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a>. Melanin is a class of pigment responsible for producing color in the body in places such as the eyes, skin, and hair. The process of melanin synthesis (melanogenesis) starts with the oxidation of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><span class="smallcaps">l</span>-tyrosine to <a href="L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA"><span class="smallcaps">l-dopa</span></a> by the enzyme <a href="Tyrosine_hydroxylase" title="Tyrosine hydroxylase">tyrosine hydroxylase</a>, then to <a href="L-dopaquinone" class="mw-redirect" title="L-dopaquinone"><span class="smallcaps">l</span>-dopaquinone</a> and <a href="Dopachrome" title="Dopachrome">dopachrome</a>, which forms melanin.<sup id="cite_ref-Kim_Kang_2015_pp._607–612_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim_Kang_2015_pp._607–612-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As the body ages, melanocyte distribution becomes less diffuse and its regulation less controlled by the body. UV light stimulates melanocyte activity, and where concentration of the cells is greater, hyperpigmentation occurs. Another form of hyperpigmentation is post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. These are dark and discoloured spots that appear on the skin following acne that has healed.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases_and_conditions">Diseases and conditions</h3></div>

<p>Hyperpigmentation is associated with a number of diseases or conditions, including the following:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Addison's_disease" title="Addison's disease">Addison's disease</a> and other sources of <a href="Adrenal_insufficiency" title="Adrenal insufficiency">adrenal insufficiency</a>, in which hormones that stimulate melanin synthesis, such as <a href="Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">melanocyte-stimulating hormone</a> (MSH), are frequently elevated.</li>

<li><a href="Cushing's_disease" title="Cushing's disease">Cushing's disease</a> or other excessive <a href="Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">adrenocorticotropic hormone</a> (ACTH) production, because MSH production is a byproduct of ACTH synthesis from <a href="Proopiomelanocortin" title="Proopiomelanocortin">proopiomelanocortin</a> (POMC).</li>

<li><a href="Acanthosis_nigricans" title="Acanthosis nigricans">Acanthosis nigricans</a>—hyperpigmentation of <a href="Intertriginous" title="Intertriginous">intertriginous</a> areas associated with <a href="Insulin_resistance" title="Insulin resistance">insulin resistance</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Melasma" title="Melasma">Melasma</a>, also known as '<a href="Chloasma" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloasma">chloasma</a>' or the “mask of pregnancy,” when it occurs in pregnant women.— It is a common skin problem that causes dark discolored patchy hyperpigmentation. It typically occurs on the face and is symmetrical, with matching marks on both sides of the face. The condition is much more common in women than men, though men can get it too. According to the <a href="American_Academy_of_Dermatology" title="American Academy of Dermatology">American Academy of Dermatology</a>, 90 percent of people who develop melasma are women.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Acne_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne vulgaris">Post-acne marks</a> from post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.</li>

<li><a href="Linea_nigra" title="Linea nigra">Linea nigra</a>—a hyperpigmented line found on the <a href="Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a> during <a href="Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Peutz%E2%80%93Jeghers_syndrome" title="Peutz–Jeghers syndrome">Peutz–Jeghers syndrome</a>—an <a href="Autosomal_dominant" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal dominant">autosomal dominant</a> disorder characterized by hyperpigmented <a href="Macules" class="mw-redirect" title="Macules">macules</a> on the lips and oral mucosa and gastrointestinal <a href="Polyp_(medicine)" title="Polyp (medicine)">polyps</a>.</li>

<li>Exposure to certain chemicals such as <a href="Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">salicylic acid</a>, <a href="Bleomycin" title="Bleomycin">bleomycin</a>, and <a href="Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">cisplatin</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Smoker's_melanosis" title="Smoker's melanosis">Smoker's melanosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">Coeliac disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Cronkhite%E2%80%93Canada_syndrome" title="Cronkhite–Canada syndrome">Cronkhite–Canada syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Porphyria" title="Porphyria">Porphyria</a></li>

<li><a href="Tinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinea">Tinea</a> fungal infections such as <a href="Ringworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringworm">ringworm</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Haemochromatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemochromatosis">Haemochromatosis</a>—a common but debilitating genetic disorder characterized by the chronic accumulation of <a href="Iron_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron (element)">iron</a> in the body.</li>

<li><a href="Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury poisoning</a>—particularly cases of cutaneous exposure resulting from the topical application of mercurial ointments or skin-whitening creams.</li>

<li><a href="Aromatase_deficiency" title="Aromatase deficiency">Aromatase deficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Nelson's_syndrome" title="Nelson's syndrome">Nelson's syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Graves'_disease" title="Graves' disease">Graves' disease</a></li>

<li>Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia (SOID).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>As a result of <a href="Tinea_cruris" title="Tinea cruris">tinea cruris</a>.</li>

<li>Due to <a href="B12_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="B12 deficiency">B12 deficiency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">Atopic dermatitis</a> as a result of inflammation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>Hyperpigmentation can sometimes be induced by <a href="Dermatological" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermatological">dermatological</a> <a href="Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> procedures.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2></div>

<ul><li>Skin examination including <a href="Wood's_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood's lamp">Wood's lamp</a> examination.</li>

<li>Viewing <a href="Medical_history" title="Medical history">medical history</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2></div>

<p>There are a wide range of depigmenting treatments used for hyperpigmentation conditions, and responses to most are variable.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta2005rev_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta2005rev-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Most often treatment of hyperpigmentation caused by melanin overproduction (such as melasma, acne scarring, liver spots) includes the use of topical depigmenting agents, which vary in their efficacy and safety, as well as in prescription rules.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topical_treatments">Topical treatments</h3></div>

<p>Many topical treatments disrupt the synthesis of melanin by inhibiting the enzyme <a href="Tyrosine_hydroxylase" title="Tyrosine hydroxylase">tyrosine hydroxylase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kim_Kang_2015_pp._607–612_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim_Kang_2015_pp._607–612-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Several are prescription only in the US, especially in high doses, such as <a href="Hydroquinone" title="Hydroquinone">hydroquinone</a>, <a href="Azelaic_acid" title="Azelaic acid">azelaic acid</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Kojic_acid" title="Kojic acid">kojic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are available without prescription, such as <a href="Niacinamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacinamide">niacinamide</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="smallcaps">l</span>-<a href="Ascorbic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbic acid">ascorbic acid</a>, retinoids such as <a href="Tretinoin" title="Tretinoin">tretinoin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Callender_Baldwin_Cook-Bolden_Alexis_pp._69–81_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callender_Baldwin_Cook-Bolden_Alexis_pp._69–81-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="Cysteamine_hydrochloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Cysteamine hydrochloride">cysteamine hydrochloride</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydroquinone was the most commonly prescribed hyperpigmentation treatment before the long-term safety concerns were raised,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the use of it became more regulated in several countries and discouraged in general by <a href="World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the US, only 2% is at present sold over-the-counter, and 4% needs prescription. In the EU hydroquinone was banned from cosmetic applications.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Oral medication with <a href="Procyanidin" title="Procyanidin">procyanidin</a> plus vitamins A, C, and E also shows promise as safe and effective for epidermal melasma. In an 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 56 Filipino women, treatment was associated with significant improvements in the left and right malar regions, and was safe and well tolerated.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other treatments that do not involve topical agents are also available, including fraction lasers<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and dermabrasion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laser_treatments">Laser treatments</h3></div>

<p>Laser toning using <a href="Yttrium_aluminium_garnet" title="Yttrium aluminium garnet">YAG</a> lasers<sup id="cite_ref-Kim_Suh_Choi_Jung_pp._1599–1606_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim_Suh_Choi_Jung_pp._1599–1606-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Intense_pulse_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Intense pulse light">intense pulsed light</a> have been used to treat hyperpigmentation such as melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Arora_Sarkar_Garg_Arya_2022_p._26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arora_Sarkar_Garg_Arya_2022_p.-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Drug-induced_pigmentation" title="Drug-induced pigmentation">Drug-induced pigmentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypopigmentation" title="Hypopigmentation">Hypopigmentation</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_skin_conditions" title="List of skin conditions">List of skin conditions</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/hyperpigmentation.html">"Hyperpigmentation"</a>. <i>Dermatalogic Disease Database</i>. American Osteopathic College of Dermatology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bolognia-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bolognia_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRapini,_Ronald_P.Bolognia,_Jean_L.Jorizzo,_Joseph_L.2007" class="citation book cs1">Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). <i>Dermatology: 2-Volume Set</i>. St. Louis: Mosby. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4160-2999-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Andrews-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). <i>Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology</i>. (10th ed.). Saunders. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7216-2921-0</bdi>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Chandra2012-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chandra2012_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chandra2012_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChandraLevittPensabene2012" class="citation journal cs1">Chandra, M; Levitt, J; Pensabene, CA (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2340%2F00015555-1225">"Hydroquinone therapy for post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation secondary to acne: not just prescribable by dermatologists"</a>. <i>Acta Dermato-Venerologica</i>. <b>92</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">232–</span>5. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2340%2F00015555-1225">10.2340/00015555-1225</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22002814">22002814</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Kim_Kang_2015_pp._607–612-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kim_Kang_2015_pp._607–612_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kim_Kang_2015_pp._607–612_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKimKang2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kim, Ji Hye; Kang, Nam Joo (14 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ekosfop.or.kr/archive/view_article?pid=kjfp-22-4-607">"Potent whitening effects of rutin metabolites"</a>. <i>Korean Journal of Food Preservation</i> (in Latin). <b>22</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">607–</span>612. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11002%2Fkjfp.2015.22.4.607">10.11002/kjfp.2015.22.4.607</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2287-7428">2287-7428</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beskinformed.com/skin-conditions/how-to-treat-hyperpigmentation/">Hyperpigmentation on Face (Acne Scars) </a> <i>Hyperpigmentation, Dark Spots, Acne Scars, Meladerm</i>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/color-problems/melasma">"Melasma"</a>. American Academy of Dermatology, Inc.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025181658/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/4984/schimke-immunoosseous-dysplasia">"Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program"</a>. <i>rarediseases.info.nih.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/4984/schimke-immunoosseous-dysplasia">the original</a> on 25 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKannanNg2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kannan, R.; Ng, M. J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2294086">"Cutaneous lesions and vitamin B12 deficiency: An often-forgotten link, Rajendran Kannan, MB BS MD"</a>. <i>Canadian Family Physician</i>. <b>54</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">529–</span>532. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2294086">2294086</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18413300">18413300</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLawrenceAl_Aboud2022" class="citation cs2">Lawrence, Elizabeth; Al Aboud, Khalid M. (2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559150/">"Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation"</a>, <i>StatPearls</i>, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32644576">32644576</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2022</span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Gupta2005rev-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta2005rev_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaGoverNouriTaylor2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, AK; Gover, MD; Nouri, K; Taylor, S (December 2006). "The treatment of melasma: a review of clinical trials". <i>Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology</i>. <b>55</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1048–</span>65. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaad.2006.02.009">10.1016/j.jaad.2006.02.009</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17097400">17097400</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aad.org/media/news-releases/variety-of-options-available-to-treat-pigmentation-problems">"Variety of options available to treat pigmentation problems | American Academy of Dermatology"</a>. <i>www.aad.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMazurekPierzchała2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mazurek, Klaudia; Pierzchała, Ewa (1 September 2016). "Comparison of efficacy of products containing azelaic acid in melasma treatment". <i>Journal of Cosmetic 🥰Dermatology</i>. <b>15</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">269–</span>282. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjocd.12217">10.1111/jocd.12217</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1473-2165">1473-2165</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27028014">27028014</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25303091">25303091</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMonteiroKishoreBhatSukumar2013" class="citation journal cs1">Monteiro, Rochelle C.; Kishore, B. Nanda; Bhat, Ramesh M.; Sukumar, D.; Martis, Jacintha; Ganesh, H. Kamath (1 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3657227">"A Comparative Study of the Efficacy of 4% Hydroquinone vs 0.75% Kojic Acid Cream in the Treatment of Facial Melasma"</a>. <i>Indian Journal of Dermatology</i>. <b>58</b> (2): 157. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0019-5154.108070">10.4103/0019-5154.108070</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1998-3611">1998-3611</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3657227">3657227</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23716817">23716817</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHakozakiMinwallaZhuangChhoa2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hakozaki, T.; Minwalla, L.; Zhuang, J.; Chhoa, M.; Matsubara, A.; Miyamoto, K.; Greatens, A.; Hillebrand, G.G.; Bissett, D.L. (1 July 2002). "The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer". <i>British Journal of Dermatology</i>. <b>147</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">20–</span>31. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2133.2002.04834.x">10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04834.x</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12100180">12100180</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39489580">39489580</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.futurederm.com/spotlight-on-niacinamide/">"Spotlight On: Niacinamide - FutureDerm"</a>. <i>FutureDerm</i>. 30 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Callender_Baldwin_Cook-Bolden_Alexis_pp._69–81-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Callender_Baldwin_Cook-Bolden_Alexis_pp._69–81_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCallenderBaldwinCook-BoldenAlexis2021" class="citation journal cs1">Callender, Valerie D.; Baldwin, Hilary; Cook-Bolden, Fran E.; Alexis, Andrew F.; Stein Gold, Linda; Guenin, Eric (9 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8776661">"Effects of Topical Retinoids on Acne and Post-inflammatory Hyperpigmentation in Patients with Skin of Color: A Clinical Review and Implications for Practice"</a>. <i>American Journal of Clinical Dermatology</i>. <b>23</b> (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: <span class="nowrap">69–</span>81. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40257-021-00643-2">10.1007/s40257-021-00643-2</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1175-0561">1175-0561</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8776661">8776661</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34751927">34751927</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMansouriFarshiHashemiKasraee2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mansouri, P.; Farshi, S.; Hashemi, Z.; Kasraee, B. (1 July 2015). "Evaluation of the efficacy of cysteamine 5% cream in the treatment of epidermal melasma: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial". <i>The British Journal of Dermatology</i>. <b>173</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">209–</span>217. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbjd.13424">10.1111/bjd.13424</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2133">1365-2133</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25251767">25251767</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21618233">21618233</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224031421/http://www.scientispharma.ch/product/cysteamine-cream/">"Cysteamine Cream® -- New Hyper Intensive Depigmenting Treatment"</a>. <i>Scientis Pharma</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientispharma.ch/product/cysteamine-cream/">the original</a> on 24 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDraelos2007" class="citation journal cs1">Draelos, Zoe Diana (1 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1529-8019.2007.00144.x">"Skin lightening preparations and the hydroquinone controversy"</a>. <i>Dermatologic Therapy</i>. <b>20</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">308–</span>313. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1529-8019.2007.00144.x">10.1111/j.1529-8019.2007.00144.x</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1529-8019">1529-8019</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18045355">18045355</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24913995">24913995</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Hyrdoquinone Guidance published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization</i>. World Health Organization. 1994. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10665%2F39218">10665/39218</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789241571579</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/evaluation/community-rolling-action-plan/corap-table/-/dislist/details/0b0236e1807e3dff">"Hydroquinone - Substance evaluation - CoRAP - ECHA"</a>. <i>echa.europa.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHandog2009" class="citation journal cs1">Handog, Evangeline (20 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-4632.2009.04130.x">"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral procyanidin with Vitamins A, C, E for melasma among Filipino women"</a>. <i>International Journal of Dermatology</i>. <b>48</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">896–</span>901. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-4632.2009.04130.x">10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04130.x</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19659873">19659873</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28886093">28886093</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210919172154/https://skinwhiteningnews.org/laser-skin-whitening-advantages-and-disadvantages/">"Laser Skin Whitening - Advantages and Disadvantages | Skin Whitening News"</a>. <i>skinwhiteningnews.org</i>. 5 April 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skinwhiteningnews.org/laser-skin-whitening-advantages-and-disadvantages/">the original</a> on 19 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Kim_Suh_Choi_Jung_pp._1599–1606-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kim_Suh_Choi_Jung_pp._1599–1606_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKimSuhChoiJung2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Young Jae; Suh, Hyun Yi; Choi, Myoung Eun; Jung, Chang Jin; Chang, Sung Eun (17 April 2020). "Clinical improvement of photoaging-associated facial hyperpigmentation in Korean skin with a picosecond 1064-nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser". <i>Lasers in Medical Science</i>. <b>35</b> (7). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: <span class="nowrap">1599–</span>1606. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10103-020-03008-z">10.1007/s10103-020-03008-z</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0268-8921">0268-8921</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32300974">32300974</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:215794622">215794622</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Arora_Sarkar_Garg_Arya_2022_p.-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arora_Sarkar_Garg_Arya_2022_p._26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAroraSarkarGargArya2022" class="citation journal cs1">Arora, Pooja; Sarkar, Rashmi; Garg, Vijay K; Arya, Latika (27 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3461803">"Lasers for Treatment of Melasma and Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation"</a>. <i>Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery</i>. <b>5</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">93–</span>103. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0974-2077.99436">10.4103/0974-2077.99436</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3461803">3461803</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23060704">23060704</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1641068" class="extiw external" title="d:Q1641068">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: L81.0-L81.4</li><li><b><a href="International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=709.0">709.0</a></li><li><b><a href="Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D017495">D017495</a></li><li><b><a href="Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb24638.htm">24638</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hyperpigmentation" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Hyperpigmentation">Hyperpigmentation</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Pigmentation_disorders/Dyschromia135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Pigmentation_disorder" title="Pigmentation disorder">Pigmentation disorders</a>/<a href="Dyschromia" title="Dyschromia">Dyschromia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hypopigmentation" title="Hypopigmentation">Hypo-</a>/<br><a href="Leucism" title="Leucism">leucism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loss of<br><a href="Melanocyte" title="Melanocyte">melanocytes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Vitiligo" title="Vitiligo">Vitiligo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Quadrichrome_vitiligo" title="Quadrichrome vitiligo">Quadrichrome vitiligo</a></li>

<li><a href="Vitiligo_ponctu%C3%A9" title="Vitiligo ponctué">Vitiligo ponctué</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syndromic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alezzandrini_syndrome" title="Alezzandrini syndrome">Alezzandrini syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Vogt%E2%80%93Koyanagi%E2%80%93Harada_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome">Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Melanocyte<br>development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Piebaldism" title="Piebaldism">Piebaldism</a></li>

<li><a href="Waardenburg_syndrome" title="Waardenburg syndrome">Waardenburg syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Tietz_syndrome" title="Tietz syndrome">Tietz syndrome</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loss of <a href="Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a>/<br><a href="Amelanism" title="Amelanism">amelanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Albinism" title="Albinism">Albinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Oculocutaneous_albinism" title="Oculocutaneous albinism">Oculocutaneous albinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocular_albinism" title="Ocular albinism">Ocular albinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Albinism_in_humans" title="Albinism in humans">in humans</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Melanosome" title="Melanosome">Melanosome</a><br>transfer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hermansky%E2%80%93Pudlak_syndrome" title="Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome">Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Ch%C3%A9diak%E2%80%93Higashi_syndrome" title="Chédiak–Higashi syndrome">Chédiak–Higashi syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Griscelli_syndrome" title="Griscelli syndrome">Griscelli syndrome</a>

<ul><li><a href="Elejalde_syndrome" title="Elejalde syndrome">Elejalde syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Griscelli_syndrome_type_2" title="Griscelli syndrome type 2">Griscelli syndrome type 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Griscelli_syndrome_type_3" title="Griscelli syndrome type 3">Griscelli syndrome type 3</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cross_syndrome" title="Cross syndrome">Cross syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="ABCD_syndrome" title="ABCD syndrome">ABCD syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Albinism%E2%80%93deafness_syndrome" title="Albinism–deafness syndrome">Albinism–deafness syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Idiopathic_guttate_hypomelanosis" title="Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis">Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Phylloid_hypomelanosis" title="Phylloid hypomelanosis">Phylloid hypomelanosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Progressive_macular_hypomelanosis" title="Progressive macular hypomelanosis">Progressive macular hypomelanosis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Leukoderma" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukoderma">Leukoderma</a> w/o<br>hypomelanosis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vasospastic_macule" title="Vasospastic macule">Vasospastic macule</a></li>

<li><a href="Woronoff's_ring" title="Woronoff's ring">Woronoff's ring</a></li>

<li><a href="Nevus_anemicus" title="Nevus anemicus">Nevus anemicus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nevus_depigmentosus" title="Nevus depigmentosus">Nevus depigmentosus</a></li>

<li><a href="Postinflammatory_hypopigmentation" title="Postinflammatory hypopigmentation">Postinflammatory hypopigmentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Pityriasis_alba" title="Pityriasis alba">Pityriasis alba</a></li>

<li><a href="Vagabond's_leukomelanoderma" title="Vagabond's leukomelanoderma">Vagabond's leukomelanoderma</a></li>

<li><a href="Yemenite_deaf-blind_hypopigmentation_syndrome" title="Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome">Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Wende%E2%80%93Bauckus_syndrome" title="Wende–Bauckus syndrome">Wende–Bauckus syndrome</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Melanin" title="Melanin">Melanin</a>/<br><a href="Melanosis" title="Melanosis">Melanosis</a>/<br><a href="Melanism" title="Melanism">Melanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reticulated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dermatopathia_pigmentosa_reticularis" title="Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis">Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis</a></li>

<li><a href="Pigmentatio_reticularis_faciei_et_colli" title="Pigmentatio reticularis faciei et colli">Pigmentatio reticularis faciei et colli</a></li>

<li><a href="Reticulate_acropigmentation_of_Kitamura" title="Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura">Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura</a></li>

<li><a href="Reticular_pigmented_anomaly_of_the_flexures" title="Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures">Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures</a></li>

<li><a href="Naegeli%E2%80%93Franceschetti%E2%80%93Jadassohn_syndrome" title="Naegeli–Franceschetti–Jadassohn syndrome">Naegeli–Franceschetti–Jadassohn syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Dyskeratosis_congenita" title="Dyskeratosis congenita">Dyskeratosis congenita</a></li>

<li><a href="X-linked_reticulate_pigmentary_disorder" title="X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder">X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Galli%E2%80%93Galli_disease" title="Galli–Galli disease">Galli–Galli disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Revesz_syndrome" title="Revesz syndrome">Revesz syndrome</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diffuse/<br>circumscribed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lentigo" title="Lentigo">Lentigo</a>/<a href="Lentiginosis" title="Lentiginosis">Lentiginosis</a>: <a href="Lentigo_simplex" title="Lentigo simplex">Lentigo simplex</a></li>

<li><a href="Liver_spot" title="Liver spot">Liver spot</a></li>

<li><a href="Centrofacial_lentiginosis" title="Centrofacial lentiginosis">Centrofacial lentiginosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Generalized_lentiginosis" title="Generalized lentiginosis">Generalized lentiginosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Inherited_patterned_lentiginosis_in_black_persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Inherited patterned lentiginosis in black persons">Inherited patterned lentiginosis in black persons</a></li>

<li><a href="Ink_spot_lentigo" title="Ink spot lentigo">Ink spot lentigo</a></li>

<li><a href="Lentigo_maligna" title="Lentigo maligna">Lentigo maligna</a></li>

<li><a href="Mucosal_lentigines" title="Mucosal lentigines">Mucosal lentigines</a></li>

<li><a href="Partial_unilateral_lentiginosis" title="Partial unilateral lentiginosis">Partial unilateral lentiginosis</a></li>

<li><a href="PUVA_lentigines" title="PUVA lentigines">PUVA lentigines</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Melasma" title="Melasma">Melasma</a></li>

<li><a href="Erythema_dyschromicum_perstans" title="Erythema dyschromicum perstans">Erythema dyschromicum perstans</a></li>

<li><a href="Lichen_planus_pigmentosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichen planus pigmentosus">Lichen planus pigmentosus</a></li>

<li><a href="Poikiloderma" title="Poikiloderma">Poikiloderma</a> (<a href="Poikiloderma_of_Civatte" title="Poikiloderma of Civatte">Poikiloderma of Civatte</a></li>

<li><a href="Poikiloderma_vasculare_atrophicans" title="Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans">Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Riehl_melanosis" title="Riehl melanosis">Riehl melanosis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Incontinentia_pigmenti" title="Incontinentia pigmenti">Incontinentia pigmenti</a></li>

<li><a href="Scratch_dermatitis" title="Scratch dermatitis">Scratch dermatitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Shiitake_mushroom_dermatitis" title="Shiitake mushroom dermatitis">Shiitake mushroom dermatitis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/<br>ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acanthosis_nigricans" title="Acanthosis nigricans">Acanthosis nigricans</a></li>

<li><a href="Freckle" title="Freckle">Freckle</a></li>

<li><a href="Familial_progressive_hyperpigmentation" title="Familial progressive hyperpigmentation">Familial progressive hyperpigmentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Pallister%E2%80%93Killian_syndrome" title="Pallister–Killian syndrome">Pallister–Killian syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Periorbital_hyperpigmentation" title="Periorbital hyperpigmentation">Periorbital hyperpigmentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Photoleukomelanodermatitis_of_Kobori" title="Photoleukomelanodermatitis of Kobori">Photoleukomelanodermatitis of Kobori</a></li>

<li><a href="Postinflammatory_hyperpigmentation" title="Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation">Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Transient_neonatal_pustular_melanosis" title="Transient neonatal pustular melanosis">Transient neonatal pustular melanosis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br>pigments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iron</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Iron_overload" title="Iron overload">Hemochromatosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Iron_metallic_discoloration" title="Iron metallic discoloration">Iron metallic discoloration</a></li>

<li><a href="Pigmented_purpuric_dermatosis" title="Pigmented purpuric dermatosis">Pigmented purpuric dermatosis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Schamberg_disease" title="Schamberg disease">Schamberg disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Majocchi's_disease" title="Majocchi's disease">Majocchi's disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Gougerot%E2%80%93Blum_syndrome" title="Gougerot–Blum syndrome">Gougerot–Blum syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Doucas_and_Kapetanakis_pigmented_purpura" title="Doucas and Kapetanakis pigmented purpura">Doucas and Kapetanakis pigmented purpura</a>/<a href="Eczematid-like_purpura_of_Doucas_and_Kapetanakis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczematid-like purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis">Eczematid-like purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lichen_aureus" title="Lichen aureus">Lichen aureus</a></li>

<li><a href="Angioma_serpiginosum" title="Angioma serpiginosum">Angioma serpiginosum</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hemosiderin_hyperpigmentation" title="Hemosiderin hyperpigmentation">Hemosiderin hyperpigmentation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br>metals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Argyria" title="Argyria">Argyria</a></li>

<li><a href="Chrysiasis" title="Chrysiasis">Chrysiasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">Arsenic poisoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Titanium_metallic_discoloration" title="Titanium metallic discoloration">Titanium metallic discoloration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carotenosis" title="Carotenosis">Carotenosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Tar_melanosis" title="Tar melanosis">Tar melanosis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dyschromia" title="Dyschromia">Dyschromia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dyschromatosis_symmetrica_hereditaria" title="Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria">Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Dyschromatosis_universalis_hereditaria" title="Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria">Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin color">Skin color</a></li>

<li><a href="Skin_whitening" title="Skin whitening">Skin whitening</a></li>

<li><a href="Sun_tanning" title="Sun tanning">Tanning</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sunless_tanning" title="Sunless tanning">Sunless</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tattoo" title="Tattoo">Tattoo</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tattoo_removal" title="Tattoo removal">removal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Depigmentation" title="Depigmentation">Depigmentation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-08" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Hyperpigmentation&oldid=1304823542">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>